92 dense
93 general
94 alternative
95 cavity
96 burst
97 review
98 edge
99 run through
100 diversity
92 dense 密集した
93 general 総合的な
94 alternative 代わりの
95 cavity 空洞
96 burst 爆発する
97 review 批評
98 edge 端
99 run through 流れぬける
100 diversity 相違
93 general
94 alternative
95 cavity
96 burst
97 review
98 edge
99 run through
100 diversity
92 dense 密集した
93 general 総合的な
94 alternative 代わりの
95 cavity 空洞
96 burst 爆発する
97 review 批評
98 edge 端
99 run through 流れぬける
100 diversity 相違
81 driving at
82 come down with
83 make up to
84 catch on to
85 get away with
86 stick to
87 watch over
88 at length
89 on hand
90 for good
91 leave off
81 driving at に言及する
82 come down with かかる、寝込む
83 make up to 取り入る
84 catch on to を理解する
85 get away with を持って逃げる
86 stick to 堅持する
87 watch over 見張る
88 at length 詳細に
89 on hand 手持ちの
90 for good 永久に
91 leave off やめる
82 come down with
83 make up to
84 catch on to
85 get away with
86 stick to
87 watch over
88 at length
89 on hand
90 for good
91 leave off
81 driving at に言及する
82 come down with かかる、寝込む
83 make up to 取り入る
84 catch on to を理解する
85 get away with を持って逃げる
86 stick to 堅持する
87 watch over 見張る
88 at length 詳細に
89 on hand 手持ちの
90 for good 永久に
91 leave off やめる
71 approximate
72 desparate
73 dismal
74 distinct
75 definit
76 eventual
77 chronic
78 sturdy
79 durable
80 wipe
71 approximate おおよその
72 desparate 自暴自棄の
73 desmal 陰気な
74 distinct 明瞭な
75 definit 限定された
76 eventual 最後の
77 choronic 慢性の
78 sturdy 不屈の
79 durable 長持ちする
80 wipe 全滅させる
72 desparate
73 dismal
74 distinct
75 definit
76 eventual
77 chronic
78 sturdy
79 durable
80 wipe
71 approximate おおよその
72 desparate 自暴自棄の
73 desmal 陰気な
74 distinct 明瞭な
75 definit 限定された
76 eventual 最後の
77 choronic 慢性の
78 sturdy 不屈の
79 durable 長持ちする
80 wipe 全滅させる
61 miser
62 memoir
63 menace
64 stabnation
65 sbstract
66 extinct
67 extend
68 eliminate
69 endorse
70 abbreviate
61 miser けちん坊
62 memoir 自叙伝
63 menace 脅威を与える
64 stagnation 不況
65 substract 引き算をする
66 extinct 絶滅した
67 extend 延長する
68 eliminate 除く
69 endorse 裏書する
70 abbreviate 省略する
62 memoir
63 menace
64 stabnation
65 sbstract
66 extinct
67 extend
68 eliminate
69 endorse
70 abbreviate
61 miser けちん坊
62 memoir 自叙伝
63 menace 脅威を与える
64 stagnation 不況
65 substract 引き算をする
66 extinct 絶滅した
67 extend 延長する
68 eliminate 除く
69 endorse 裏書する
70 abbreviate 省略する
51 temperate
52 courteous
53 bizarre
54 rational
55 uphold
56 supervise
57 withstand
58 undergo
59 determine
60 mischief
51 temperate 控えめな
52 corteous 礼儀正しい
53 bizarre 怪奇な
54 rational 理性的な
55 uphold を支持する
56 supervise 監督する
57 withstand 仕事や心配事に良く耐える
58 supervise 監督する
59 determine 決心する
60 mischief いたずら
52 courteous
53 bizarre
54 rational
55 uphold
56 supervise
57 withstand
58 undergo
59 determine
60 mischief
51 temperate 控えめな
52 corteous 礼儀正しい
53 bizarre 怪奇な
54 rational 理性的な
55 uphold を支持する
56 supervise 監督する
57 withstand 仕事や心配事に良く耐える
58 supervise 監督する
59 determine 決心する
60 mischief いたずら
41 frail
42 tranquil
43 subtle
44 acclaim
45 enclose
46 perplex
47 scanty
48 vigor
49 vivid
50 sbstantial
41 frail 弱い
42 tranquil 平穏
43 subtle 微妙な
44 acclaim を歓呼してむかえる
45 enclose 囲む
46 perplex 迷わす
47 scanty わずかな
48 vigor 活動力
49 vivid 生き生きした
50 sbstantial 相当な
42 tranquil
43 subtle
44 acclaim
45 enclose
46 perplex
47 scanty
48 vigor
49 vivid
50 sbstantial
41 frail 弱い
42 tranquil 平穏
43 subtle 微妙な
44 acclaim を歓呼してむかえる
45 enclose 囲む
46 perplex 迷わす
47 scanty わずかな
48 vigor 活動力
49 vivid 生き生きした
50 sbstantial 相当な
31 weary
32 hazy
33 idle
34 fertile
35 hinder
36 intrude
37 mold
38 mingle
39 merge
40 mend
31 weary 疲れた
32 hazy かすみがかかった
33 idle 働いていない
34 fertile 肥えた
35 hinder ～を遅らせる
36 intrude 侵入する
37 mold 型
38 mingle 交際する
39 merge ～を合併する
40 mend 修繕する
32 hazy
33 idle
34 fertile
35 hinder
36 intrude
37 mold
38 mingle
39 merge
40 mend
31 weary 疲れた
32 hazy かすみがかかった
33 idle 働いていない
34 fertile 肥えた
35 hinder ～を遅らせる
36 intrude 侵入する
37 mold 型
38 mingle 交際する
39 merge ～を合併する
40 mend 修繕する
21 glance
22 phase
23 offend
24 oblige
25 discard
26 dissolve
27 confide
28 froud
29 hazard
30 default
21 glance ちらりとみる
22 phase 局面
23 offend 感情を害する
24 oblige 強いる
25 discard 捨てる
26 dissolve 溶かす
27 confide うちあける
28 froud 詐欺
29 hazard 危険
30 default 不履行
22 phase
23 offend
24 oblige
25 discard
26 dissolve
27 confide
28 froud
29 hazard
30 default
21 glance ちらりとみる
22 phase 局面
23 offend 感情を害する
24 oblige 強いる
25 discard 捨てる
26 dissolve 溶かす
27 confide うちあける
28 froud 詐欺
29 hazard 危険
30 default 不履行
# by iruzade | 2011-05-11 17:21
11 foster
12 enroll
13 agenda
14 agile
15 valid
16 facility
17 reunion
18 recollction
19 restore
20 immerse
11 foster 促進する
12 enroll 入学する
13 agenda 協議事項
14 agile 機敏な
15 valid 有効な
16 facility 容易さ
17 reunion 同窓会
18 recollction 思い出すこと
19 restore 修復する
20 immerse 夢中にさせる
12 enroll
13 agenda
14 agile
15 valid
16 facility
17 reunion
18 recollction
19 restore
20 immerse
11 foster 促進する
12 enroll 入学する
13 agenda 協議事項
14 agile 機敏な
15 valid 有効な
16 facility 容易さ
17 reunion 同窓会
18 recollction 思い出すこと
19 restore 修復する
20 immerse 夢中にさせる
# by iruzade | 2011-05-10 13:39
長い間休みましたが今日から再開します。
過去の問題集から毎回10個ずつ単語を覚えていきましょう。
1 privilige
2 assumption
3 assorment
4 proportion
5 encounter
6 expel
7 exceed
8 enlighten
9 insert
10 grasp
1 privilige 特権
2 assumption 仮定
3 assorment 詰め合わせ
4 proportion 割合
5 encounter ～にで会う
6 expel 追い出す
7 exceed 超える
8 enlighten 啓発する
9 insert 挿入する
10 grasp 把握する
過去の問題集から毎回10個ずつ単語を覚えていきましょう。
1 privilige
2 assumption
3 assorment
4 proportion
5 encounter
6 expel
7 exceed
8 enlighten
9 insert
10 grasp
1 privilige 特権
2 assumption 仮定
3 assorment 詰め合わせ
4 proportion 割合
5 encounter ～にで会う
6 expel 追い出す
7 exceed 超える
8 enlighten 啓発する
9 insert 挿入する
10 grasp 把握する
# by iruzade | 2011-05-09 20:23
Truth,lies, and technology
Throughout history, mankind has searched for a foolproof way to detect lies.
Traditionally, lie-detection methods have been based on the fact that people worry about having their untruthfulness exposed, and that this anxiety causes measurable physiological changes.
For example, the world's first lie-detecting machine, invented in 1895, measured changes in the pulse rate and blood pressure of subjects being questioned.
The polygraph machine, invented in 1921, and which has become the standard method for detecting lies, continuously records changes in subjects' blood pressure, pulse rate, and rate of breathing.
But what the polygraph actually tests is whether a subject believes he or she is telling the truth, not whether the person's statements are in fact true.
It is a useful investigative tool that helps police verify information, but---despite common misconceptions----the polygraph is rarely used to determine a suspect's guilt or innocence.
Because undergoing a polygraph examination is voluntary, and because innnocent people are assumed to have little to fear from the machine, police can focus their criminal investigations to suspects who refuse to be tested.
In 1987, the FBI studied more than 20,000 polygraph examinations and determined that less than one percent were inaccurate.
In the 91 cases where results were eventually proved wrong, only 27 involved tests in which liars managed to outsmart the machine.
Despite this extraordinary degree of accuracy, the polygraph remains an object of controversy.
Critics claim the machine is hopelessly flawed because of its reliance on emotional responses, which can differ widely from person to person.
Many researchers today feel they can improve on the polygraph by targeting the source of the lie: the brain.
One such brain-scanning technique, called "brain fingerprinting," tracks a signal that the brain emits when it perceives something familiar.
In other words, it reads people's memories.
The idea of using knowledge stored in the brain to determine guilt or innocence is not new.
In the Late 1950s, David Lykken developed the Guilty Knowledge Test, in which suspects are asked multiple-choice questions to see how they react to specific details that only the person who committed the crime could know.
The challenge for researchers today is to develop biologic measures of subjects' reactions that, unlike the polygraph, are unaffected by emotional responses.
Some have proposed tracking eye movements to see whether a subject recognizes other criminals or victims.
Another potential method is to measure response times, as research has indicated that people take longer to respond to a question when they are lying.
Would a foolproof lie detector truly benefit society?
The answer is obvious---just ask law-enforcement officials, crime of truth, the search for this elusive technology goes on.
49 According to the passage, which of the following lie-detection methods was developed first?
1 Brain fingerprinting.
2 Tracking eye movements.
3 Measuring response times.
4 The Guilty Knowledge Test.
Throughout history, mankind has searched for a foolproof way to detect lies.
Traditionally, lie-detection methods have been based on the fact that people worry about having their untruthfulness exposed, and that this anxiety causes measurable physiological changes.
For example, the world's first lie-detecting machine, invented in 1895, measured changes in the pulse rate and blood pressure of subjects being questioned.
The polygraph machine, invented in 1921, and which has become the standard method for detecting lies, continuously records changes in subjects' blood pressure, pulse rate, and rate of breathing.
But what the polygraph actually tests is whether a subject believes he or she is telling the truth, not whether the person's statements are in fact true.
It is a useful investigative tool that helps police verify information, but---despite common misconceptions----the polygraph is rarely used to determine a suspect's guilt or innocence.
Because undergoing a polygraph examination is voluntary, and because innnocent people are assumed to have little to fear from the machine, police can focus their criminal investigations to suspects who refuse to be tested.
In 1987, the FBI studied more than 20,000 polygraph examinations and determined that less than one percent were inaccurate.
In the 91 cases where results were eventually proved wrong, only 27 involved tests in which liars managed to outsmart the machine.
Despite this extraordinary degree of accuracy, the polygraph remains an object of controversy.
Critics claim the machine is hopelessly flawed because of its reliance on emotional responses, which can differ widely from person to person.
Many researchers today feel they can improve on the polygraph by targeting the source of the lie: the brain.
One such brain-scanning technique, called "brain fingerprinting," tracks a signal that the brain emits when it perceives something familiar.
In other words, it reads people's memories.
The idea of using knowledge stored in the brain to determine guilt or innocence is not new.
In the Late 1950s, David Lykken developed the Guilty Knowledge Test, in which suspects are asked multiple-choice questions to see how they react to specific details that only the person who committed the crime could know.
The challenge for researchers today is to develop biologic measures of subjects' reactions that, unlike the polygraph, are unaffected by emotional responses.
Some have proposed tracking eye movements to see whether a subject recognizes other criminals or victims.
Another potential method is to measure response times, as research has indicated that people take longer to respond to a question when they are lying.
Would a foolproof lie detector truly benefit society?
The answer is obvious---just ask law-enforcement officials, crime of truth, the search for this elusive technology goes on.
49 According to the passage, which of the following lie-detection methods was developed first?
1 Brain fingerprinting.
2 Tracking eye movements.
3 Measuring response times.
4 The Guilty Knowledge Test.
Truth,lies, and technology
Throughout history, mankind has searched for a foolproof way to detect lies.
Traditionally, lie-detection methods have been based on the fact that people worry about having their untruthfulness exposed, and that this anxiety causes measurable physiological changes.
For example, the world's first lie-detecting machine, invented in 1895, measured changes in the pulse rate and blood pressure of subjects being questioned.
The polygraph machine, invented in 1921, and which has become the standard method for detecting lies, continuously records changes in subjects' blood pressure, pulse rate, and rate of breathing.
But what the polygraph actually tests is whether a subject believes he or she is telling the truth, not whether the person's statements are in fact true.
It is a useful investigative tool that helps police verify information, but---despite common misconceptions----the polygraph is rarely used to determine a suspect's guilt or innocence.
Because undergoing a polygraph examination is voluntary, and because innnocent people are assumed to have little to fear from the machine, police can focus their criminal investigations to suspects who refuse to be tested.
In 1987, the FBI studied more than 20,000 polygraph examinations and determined that less than one percent were inaccurate.
In the 91 cases where results were eventually proved wrong, only 27 involved tests in which liars managed to outsmart the machine.
Despite this extraordinary degree of accuracy, the polygraph remains an object of controversy.
Critics claim the machine is hopelessly flawed because of its reliance on emotional responses, which can differ widely from person to person.
Many researchers today feel they can improve on the polygraph by targeting the source of the lie: the brain.
One such brain-scanning technique, called "brain fingerprinting," tracks a signal that the brain emits when it perceives something familiar.
In other words, it reads people's memories.
The idea of using knowledge stored in the brain to determine guilt or innocence is not new.
In the Late 1950s, David Lykken developed the Guilty Knowledge Test, in which suspects are asked multiple-choice questions to see how they react to specific details that only the person who committed the crime could know.
The challenge for researchers today is to develop biologic measures of subjects' reactions that, unlike the polygraph, are unaffected by emotional responses.
Some have proposed tracking eye movements to see whether a subject recognizes other criminals or victims.
Another potential method is to measure response times, as research has indicated that people take longer to respond to a question when they are lying.
48 Tests conducted by the FBI revealed that polygraph results
1 are less than one perdent accurate.
2 were proven wrong in only 27 out of 91cases.
3 were accurate in more than 99 percent of the cases examined.
4 are questionable because subjects were often able to fllo the machine.
正解 ３
ＦＢＩが行った調査によって明らかにされたことであるが、ポリグラフ式嘘発見器による結果は
調査した事例の９９パーセント以上が正確であった。
Throughout history, mankind has searched for a foolproof way to detect lies.
Traditionally, lie-detection methods have been based on the fact that people worry about having their untruthfulness exposed, and that this anxiety causes measurable physiological changes.
For example, the world's first lie-detecting machine, invented in 1895, measured changes in the pulse rate and blood pressure of subjects being questioned.
The polygraph machine, invented in 1921, and which has become the standard method for detecting lies, continuously records changes in subjects' blood pressure, pulse rate, and rate of breathing.
But what the polygraph actually tests is whether a subject believes he or she is telling the truth, not whether the person's statements are in fact true.
It is a useful investigative tool that helps police verify information, but---despite common misconceptions----the polygraph is rarely used to determine a suspect's guilt or innocence.
Because undergoing a polygraph examination is voluntary, and because innnocent people are assumed to have little to fear from the machine, police can focus their criminal investigations to suspects who refuse to be tested.
In 1987, the FBI studied more than 20,000 polygraph examinations and determined that less than one percent were inaccurate.
In the 91 cases where results were eventually proved wrong, only 27 involved tests in which liars managed to outsmart the machine.
Despite this extraordinary degree of accuracy, the polygraph remains an object of controversy.
Critics claim the machine is hopelessly flawed because of its reliance on emotional responses, which can differ widely from person to person.
Many researchers today feel they can improve on the polygraph by targeting the source of the lie: the brain.
One such brain-scanning technique, called "brain fingerprinting," tracks a signal that the brain emits when it perceives something familiar.
In other words, it reads people's memories.
The idea of using knowledge stored in the brain to determine guilt or innocence is not new.
In the Late 1950s, David Lykken developed the Guilty Knowledge Test, in which suspects are asked multiple-choice questions to see how they react to specific details that only the person who committed the crime could know.
The challenge for researchers today is to develop biologic measures of subjects' reactions that, unlike the polygraph, are unaffected by emotional responses.
Some have proposed tracking eye movements to see whether a subject recognizes other criminals or victims.
Another potential method is to measure response times, as research has indicated that people take longer to respond to a question when they are lying.
48 Tests conducted by the FBI revealed that polygraph results
1 are less than one perdent accurate.
2 were proven wrong in only 27 out of 91cases.
3 were accurate in more than 99 percent of the cases examined.
4 are questionable because subjects were often able to fllo the machine.
正解 ３
ＦＢＩが行った調査によって明らかにされたことであるが、ポリグラフ式嘘発見器による結果は
調査した事例の９９パーセント以上が正確であった。
Truth,lies, and technology
Throughout history, mankind has searched for a foolproof way to detect lies.
Traditionally, lie-detection methods have been based on the fact that people worry about having their untruthfulness exposed, and that this anxiety causes measurable physiological changes.
For example, the world's first lie-detecting machine, invented in 1895, measured changes in the pulse rate and blood pressure of subjects being questioned.
The polygraph machine, invented in 1921, and which has become the standard method for detecting lies, continuously records changes in subjects' blood pressure, pulse rate, and rate of breathing.
But what the polygraph actually tests is whether a subject believes he or she is telling the truth, not whether the person's statements are in fact true.
It is a useful investigative tool that helps police verify information, but---despite common misconceptions----the polygraph is rarely used to determine a suspect's guilt or innocence.
Because undergoing a polygraph examination is voluntary, and because innnocent people are assumed to have little to fear from the machine, police can focus their criminal investigations to suspects who refuse to be tested.
In 1987, the FBI studied more than 20,000 polygraph examinations and determined that less than one percent were inaccurate.
In the 91 cases where results were eventually proved wrong, only 27 involved tests in which liars managed to outsmart the machine.
Despite this extraordinary degree of accuracy, the polygraph remains an object of controversy.
Critics claim the machine is hopelessly flawed because of its reliance on emotional responses, which can differ widely from person to person.
Many researchers today feel they can improve on the polygraph by targeting the source of the lie: the brain.
One such brain-scanning technique, called "brain fingerprinting," tracks a signal that the brain emits when it perceives something familiar.
In other words, it reads people's memories.
The idea of using knowledge stored in the brain to determine guilt or innocence is not new.
In the Late 1950s, David Lykken developed the Guilty Knowledge Test, in which suspects are asked multiple-choice questions to see how they react to specific details that only the person who committed the crime could know.
The challenge for researchers today is to develop biologic measures of subjects' reactions that, unlike the polygraph, are unaffected by emotional responses.
Some have proposed tracking eye movements to see whether a subject recognizes other criminals or victims.
Another potential method is to measure response times, as research has indicated that people take longer to respond to a question when they are lying.
47 The passage states that polygraph tests are often criticized for
1 failing to account for memory lapses.
2 placing too much emphasis on subjects' emotions.
3 forcing innocent subjects to endure lengthy questioning.
4 examining subjects' physical rather than emotional reactions.
正解 ２
この文章によると、ポリグラフ式嘘発見器によるテストが批判されているのは
被験者の情緒面にあまりにも重点を置きすぎているからである。
Throughout history, mankind has searched for a foolproof way to detect lies.
Traditionally, lie-detection methods have been based on the fact that people worry about having their untruthfulness exposed, and that this anxiety causes measurable physiological changes.
For example, the world's first lie-detecting machine, invented in 1895, measured changes in the pulse rate and blood pressure of subjects being questioned.
The polygraph machine, invented in 1921, and which has become the standard method for detecting lies, continuously records changes in subjects' blood pressure, pulse rate, and rate of breathing.
But what the polygraph actually tests is whether a subject believes he or she is telling the truth, not whether the person's statements are in fact true.
It is a useful investigative tool that helps police verify information, but---despite common misconceptions----the polygraph is rarely used to determine a suspect's guilt or innocence.
Because undergoing a polygraph examination is voluntary, and because innnocent people are assumed to have little to fear from the machine, police can focus their criminal investigations to suspects who refuse to be tested.
In 1987, the FBI studied more than 20,000 polygraph examinations and determined that less than one percent were inaccurate.
In the 91 cases where results were eventually proved wrong, only 27 involved tests in which liars managed to outsmart the machine.
Despite this extraordinary degree of accuracy, the polygraph remains an object of controversy.
Critics claim the machine is hopelessly flawed because of its reliance on emotional responses, which can differ widely from person to person.
Many researchers today feel they can improve on the polygraph by targeting the source of the lie: the brain.
One such brain-scanning technique, called "brain fingerprinting," tracks a signal that the brain emits when it perceives something familiar.
In other words, it reads people's memories.
The idea of using knowledge stored in the brain to determine guilt or innocence is not new.
In the Late 1950s, David Lykken developed the Guilty Knowledge Test, in which suspects are asked multiple-choice questions to see how they react to specific details that only the person who committed the crime could know.
The challenge for researchers today is to develop biologic measures of subjects' reactions that, unlike the polygraph, are unaffected by emotional responses.
Some have proposed tracking eye movements to see whether a subject recognizes other criminals or victims.
Another potential method is to measure response times, as research has indicated that people take longer to respond to a question when they are lying.
47 The passage states that polygraph tests are often criticized for
1 failing to account for memory lapses.
2 placing too much emphasis on subjects' emotions.
3 forcing innocent subjects to endure lengthy questioning.
4 examining subjects' physical rather than emotional reactions.
正解 ２
この文章によると、ポリグラフ式嘘発見器によるテストが批判されているのは
被験者の情緒面にあまりにも重点を置きすぎているからである。
Truth,lies, and technology
Throughout history, mankind has searched for a foolproof way to detect lies.
Traditionally, lie-detection methods have been based on the fact that people worry about having their untruthfulness exposed, and that this anxiety causes measurable physiological changes.
For example, the world's first lie-detecting machine, invented in 1895, measured changes in the pulse rate and blood pressure of subjects being questioned.
The polygraph machine, invented in 1921, and which has become the standard method for detecting lies, continuously records changes in subjects' blood pressure, pulse rate, and rate of breathing.
But what the polygraph actually tests is whether a subject believes he or she is telling the truth, not whether the person's statements are in fact true.
It is a useful investigative tool that helps police verify information, but---despite common misconceptions----the polygraph is rarely used to determine a suspect's guilt or innocence.
Because undergoing a polygraph examination is voluntary, and because innnocent people are assumed to have little to fear from the machine, police can focus their criminal investigations to suspects who refuse to be tested.
In 1987, the FBI studied more than 20,000 polygraph examinations and determined that less than one percent were inaccurate.
In the 91 cases where results were eventually proved wrong, only 27 involved tests in which liars managed to outsmart the machine.
Despite this extraordinary degree of accuracy, the polygraph remains an object of controversy.
Critics claim the machine is hopelessly flawed because of its reliance on emotional responses, which can differ widely from person to person.
Many researchers today feel they can improve on the polygraph by targeting the source of the lie: the brain.
One such brain-scanning technique, called "brain fingerprinting," tracks a signal that the brain emits when it perceives something familiar.
In other words, it reads people's memories.
The idea of using knowledge stored in the brain to determine guilt or innocence is not new.
In the Late 1950s, David Lykken developed the Guilty Knowledge Test, in which suspects are asked multiple-choice questions to see how they react to specific details that only the person who committed the crime could know.
The challenge for researchers today is to develop biologic measures of subjects' reactions that, unlike the polygraph, are unaffected by emotional responses.
Some have proposed tracking eye movements to see whether a subject recognizes other criminals or victims.
Another potential method is to measure response times, as research has indicated that people take longer to respond to a question when they are lying.
Would a foolproof lie detector truly benefit society?
The answer is obvious------ just ask law-enforcement officials,crime victims, and the wrongfully accused.
For the sake of these advocates of truth, the search for this elusive technology goes on.
46
According to the passage, the polygraph machine
1 is often used during questioning to determine a subject's guilt or innocence.
2 is preferred by police because it eliminates the anxiety caused by earlier machines.
3 is the first lie-detecting machine to measure a subjict's blood pressure
4 is still the most common method of lie detection.
正解 ４
この文章によると、ポリグラフ式嘘発見器は
うそを見破るための依然として最も一般的は方法である。
Throughout history, mankind has searched for a foolproof way to detect lies.
Traditionally, lie-detection methods have been based on the fact that people worry about having their untruthfulness exposed, and that this anxiety causes measurable physiological changes.
For example, the world's first lie-detecting machine, invented in 1895, measured changes in the pulse rate and blood pressure of subjects being questioned.
The polygraph machine, invented in 1921, and which has become the standard method for detecting lies, continuously records changes in subjects' blood pressure, pulse rate, and rate of breathing.
But what the polygraph actually tests is whether a subject believes he or she is telling the truth, not whether the person's statements are in fact true.
It is a useful investigative tool that helps police verify information, but---despite common misconceptions----the polygraph is rarely used to determine a suspect's guilt or innocence.
Because undergoing a polygraph examination is voluntary, and because innnocent people are assumed to have little to fear from the machine, police can focus their criminal investigations to suspects who refuse to be tested.
In 1987, the FBI studied more than 20,000 polygraph examinations and determined that less than one percent were inaccurate.
In the 91 cases where results were eventually proved wrong, only 27 involved tests in which liars managed to outsmart the machine.
Despite this extraordinary degree of accuracy, the polygraph remains an object of controversy.
Critics claim the machine is hopelessly flawed because of its reliance on emotional responses, which can differ widely from person to person.
Many researchers today feel they can improve on the polygraph by targeting the source of the lie: the brain.
One such brain-scanning technique, called "brain fingerprinting," tracks a signal that the brain emits when it perceives something familiar.
In other words, it reads people's memories.
The idea of using knowledge stored in the brain to determine guilt or innocence is not new.
In the Late 1950s, David Lykken developed the Guilty Knowledge Test, in which suspects are asked multiple-choice questions to see how they react to specific details that only the person who committed the crime could know.
The challenge for researchers today is to develop biologic measures of subjects' reactions that, unlike the polygraph, are unaffected by emotional responses.
Some have proposed tracking eye movements to see whether a subject recognizes other criminals or victims.
Another potential method is to measure response times, as research has indicated that people take longer to respond to a question when they are lying.
Would a foolproof lie detector truly benefit society?
The answer is obvious------ just ask law-enforcement officials,crime victims, and the wrongfully accused.
For the sake of these advocates of truth, the search for this elusive technology goes on.
46
According to the passage, the polygraph machine
1 is often used during questioning to determine a subject's guilt or innocence.
2 is preferred by police because it eliminates the anxiety caused by earlier machines.
3 is the first lie-detecting machine to measure a subjict's blood pressure
4 is still the most common method of lie detection.
正解 ４
この文章によると、ポリグラフ式嘘発見器は
うそを見破るための依然として最も一般的は方法である。
Taking the Kick from Cocaine
Parents could use it to help prevent their children from becoming addicted.
Companies could use it as a means of testing whether employees have been abusers.
These are just two of the potential applications for the results of a new research project: the development of an anti-cocaine vaccine.
With more than 2 million regular cocaine users in the United States alone, nearly half of whom eventually seek treatment for their addiction, the project's timeliness is obvious.
Indeed, cocaine has remained one of the most difficult addictions to treat.
Most addicts receive behavioral therapy in drug rehabilitation centers, but the alarming relapse rate has caused physicians and psychiatrists to seek out alternative means of dealing with a habit that sends 150.000 Americans to the hospital emergency room each year.
Enter TA-CD, the vaccine that a team of Yale Univetsity researchers is confident could reverse the trend.
TA-CD works by producing antibodies that bond to cocaing and prevent it from reaching the brain, thus suppressing the "high" that addicts experience when they snort,inject, or smoke cocaine.
The vaccine does not eliminate the actual physical craving for the drug, but the fact that the craving is not reinforced by the pleasure of a high researchers claim, would be sufficient to diminish the craving over time.
A team headed by Thomas Kosten, M.D., professor of psychiatry at Yale, conducted tests on 34 former cocaine abusers.
Each participant was required to have used cocaine regularly for at least three years and to have expressed a desire to give up the drug.
Participants were divided into three groups that received different doses of the vaccine.
"The results of the study are simply that we did find antibodies," says Kosten.
"The higher the dose of the vaccination, the higher the level of antibodies we got."
More advanced trials are already under way.
The issue is not without controversy.
Though TA-CD is intended for use on consenting adults, some experts fear questionable applications.
For example, former cocaine abusers could----without their permission-----be identified by the antibodies in their blood, thus limiting employment opportunities or threatening job security.
Researchers dismiss the need for an ethical debate at this early date, claiming that the vaccine is years away from going on the market.
In response to skeptics, supporters of TA-CD maintain that the vaccine is meant to serve as a safety belt rather than a miracle cure.
The people in Kosten's study had the motivation to stop using cocaine, and this desire to quit is the key factor in any successful treatment.
In combination with the right candidate and the right therapy, the drug could prove invaluable.
Until then, the trials------ and the debate-----will continue.
55 What is the current status of TA-CD?
1 Research is moving forward despite concerns that the drug could be misused.
2 It is being tested on job applicants to determine whether they are cocaine users.
3 Trials have stopped because of the high number of antibodies the vaccine produces.
4 Developers deny the need for further trials and will soon begin marketing the vaccine.
正解 １
TAーCDは現在のところ、どのような状況にあるか。
この薬が誤用される可能性が懸念されてはいるものの、研究はさらに進められている。
Parents could use it to help prevent their children from becoming addicted.
Companies could use it as a means of testing whether employees have been abusers.
These are just two of the potential applications for the results of a new research project: the development of an anti-cocaine vaccine.
With more than 2 million regular cocaine users in the United States alone, nearly half of whom eventually seek treatment for their addiction, the project's timeliness is obvious.
Indeed, cocaine has remained one of the most difficult addictions to treat.
Most addicts receive behavioral therapy in drug rehabilitation centers, but the alarming relapse rate has caused physicians and psychiatrists to seek out alternative means of dealing with a habit that sends 150.000 Americans to the hospital emergency room each year.
Enter TA-CD, the vaccine that a team of Yale Univetsity researchers is confident could reverse the trend.
TA-CD works by producing antibodies that bond to cocaing and prevent it from reaching the brain, thus suppressing the "high" that addicts experience when they snort,inject, or smoke cocaine.
The vaccine does not eliminate the actual physical craving for the drug, but the fact that the craving is not reinforced by the pleasure of a high researchers claim, would be sufficient to diminish the craving over time.
A team headed by Thomas Kosten, M.D., professor of psychiatry at Yale, conducted tests on 34 former cocaine abusers.
Each participant was required to have used cocaine regularly for at least three years and to have expressed a desire to give up the drug.
Participants were divided into three groups that received different doses of the vaccine.
"The results of the study are simply that we did find antibodies," says Kosten.
"The higher the dose of the vaccination, the higher the level of antibodies we got."
More advanced trials are already under way.
The issue is not without controversy.
Though TA-CD is intended for use on consenting adults, some experts fear questionable applications.
For example, former cocaine abusers could----without their permission-----be identified by the antibodies in their blood, thus limiting employment opportunities or threatening job security.
Researchers dismiss the need for an ethical debate at this early date, claiming that the vaccine is years away from going on the market.
In response to skeptics, supporters of TA-CD maintain that the vaccine is meant to serve as a safety belt rather than a miracle cure.
The people in Kosten's study had the motivation to stop using cocaine, and this desire to quit is the key factor in any successful treatment.
In combination with the right candidate and the right therapy, the drug could prove invaluable.
Until then, the trials------ and the debate-----will continue.
55 What is the current status of TA-CD?
1 Research is moving forward despite concerns that the drug could be misused.
2 It is being tested on job applicants to determine whether they are cocaine users.
3 Trials have stopped because of the high number of antibodies the vaccine produces.
4 Developers deny the need for further trials and will soon begin marketing the vaccine.
正解 １
TAーCDは現在のところ、どのような状況にあるか。
この薬が誤用される可能性が懸念されてはいるものの、研究はさらに進められている。
Taking the Kick from Cocaine
Parents could use it to help prevent their children from becoming addicted.
Companies could use it as a means of testing whether employees have been abusers.
These are just two of the potential applications for the results of a new research project: the development of an anti-cocaine vaccine.
With more than 2 million regular cocaine users in the United States alone, nearly half of whom eventually seek treatment for their addiction, the project's timeliness is obvious.
Indeed, cocaine has remained one of the most difficult addictions to treat.
Most addicts receive behavioral therapy in drug rehabilitation centers, but the alarming relapse rate has caused physicians and psychiatrists to seek out alternative means of dealing with a habit that sends 150.000 Americans to the hospital emergency room each year.
Enter TA-CD, the vaccine that a team of Yale Univetsity researchers is confident could reverse the trend.
TA-CD works by producing antibodies that bond to cocaing and prevent it from reaching the brain, thus suppressing the "high" that addicts experience when they snort,inject, or smoke cocaine.
The vaccine does not eliminate the actual physical craving for the drug, but the fact that the craving is not reinforced by the pleasure of a high researchers claim, would be sufficient to diminish the craving over time.
A team headed by Thomas Kosten, M.D., professor of psychiatry at Yale, conducted tests on 34 former cocaine abusers.
Each participant was required to have used cocaine regularly for at least three years and to have expressed a desire to give up the drug.
Participants were divided into three groups that received different doses of the vaccine.
"The results of the study are simply that we did find antibodies," says Kosten.
"The higher the dose of the vaccination, the higher the level of antibodies we got."
More advanced trials are already under way.
The issue is not without controversy.
Though TA-CD is intended for use on consenting adults, some experts fear questionable applications.
For example, former cocaine abusers could----without their permission-----be identified by the antibodies in their blood, thus limiting employment opportunities or threatening job security.
Researchers dismiss the need for an ethical debate at this early date, claiming that the vaccine is years away from going on the market.
In response to skeptics, supporters of TA-CD maintain that the vaccine is meant to serve as a safety belt rather than a miracle cure.
The people in Kosten's study had the motivation to stop using cocaine, and this desire to quit is the key factor in any successful treatment.
In combination with the right candidate and the right therapy, the drug could prove invaluable.
Until then, the trials------ and the debate-----will continue.
54 Some experts are against TA-CD use because they think that
1 the vaccine hasn't been shown to be a practical cure for cocaine abuse.
2 it is still too early to put such a controversial vaccinae on the market.
3 it has been shown that the vaccine could lead to serious illness.
4 the resulting antibodies could be used to identify users unfairly.
正解 ４
TA-CDの使用に反対する専門家もいる。なぜなら、彼らが考えるに
結果として生成された抗体が、薬物常用者を特定するのに不当に用いられる可能性があるからである。
Parents could use it to help prevent their children from becoming addicted.
Companies could use it as a means of testing whether employees have been abusers.
These are just two of the potential applications for the results of a new research project: the development of an anti-cocaine vaccine.
With more than 2 million regular cocaine users in the United States alone, nearly half of whom eventually seek treatment for their addiction, the project's timeliness is obvious.
Indeed, cocaine has remained one of the most difficult addictions to treat.
Most addicts receive behavioral therapy in drug rehabilitation centers, but the alarming relapse rate has caused physicians and psychiatrists to seek out alternative means of dealing with a habit that sends 150.000 Americans to the hospital emergency room each year.
Enter TA-CD, the vaccine that a team of Yale Univetsity researchers is confident could reverse the trend.
TA-CD works by producing antibodies that bond to cocaing and prevent it from reaching the brain, thus suppressing the "high" that addicts experience when they snort,inject, or smoke cocaine.
The vaccine does not eliminate the actual physical craving for the drug, but the fact that the craving is not reinforced by the pleasure of a high researchers claim, would be sufficient to diminish the craving over time.
A team headed by Thomas Kosten, M.D., professor of psychiatry at Yale, conducted tests on 34 former cocaine abusers.
Each participant was required to have used cocaine regularly for at least three years and to have expressed a desire to give up the drug.
Participants were divided into three groups that received different doses of the vaccine.
"The results of the study are simply that we did find antibodies," says Kosten.
"The higher the dose of the vaccination, the higher the level of antibodies we got."
More advanced trials are already under way.
The issue is not without controversy.
Though TA-CD is intended for use on consenting adults, some experts fear questionable applications.
For example, former cocaine abusers could----without their permission-----be identified by the antibodies in their blood, thus limiting employment opportunities or threatening job security.
Researchers dismiss the need for an ethical debate at this early date, claiming that the vaccine is years away from going on the market.
In response to skeptics, supporters of TA-CD maintain that the vaccine is meant to serve as a safety belt rather than a miracle cure.
The people in Kosten's study had the motivation to stop using cocaine, and this desire to quit is the key factor in any successful treatment.
In combination with the right candidate and the right therapy, the drug could prove invaluable.
Until then, the trials------ and the debate-----will continue.
54 Some experts are against TA-CD use because they think that
1 the vaccine hasn't been shown to be a practical cure for cocaine abuse.
2 it is still too early to put such a controversial vaccinae on the market.
3 it has been shown that the vaccine could lead to serious illness.
4 the resulting antibodies could be used to identify users unfairly.
正解 ４
TA-CDの使用に反対する専門家もいる。なぜなら、彼らが考えるに
結果として生成された抗体が、薬物常用者を特定するのに不当に用いられる可能性があるからである。
Taking the Kick from Cocaine
Parents could use it to help prevent their children from becoming addicted.
Companies could use it as a means of testing whether employees have been abusers.
These are just two of the potential applications for the results of a new research project: the development of an anti-cocaine vaccine.
With more than 2 million regular cocaine users in the United States alone, nearly half of whom eventually seek treatment for their addiction, the project's timeliness is obvious.
Indeed, cocaine has remained one of the most difficult addictions to treat.
Most addicts receive behavioral therapy in drug rehabilitation centers, but the alarming relapse rate has caused physicians and psychiatrists to seek out alternative means of dealing with a habit that sends 150.000 Americans to the hospital emergency room each year.
Enter TA-CD, the vaccine that a team of Yale Univetsity researchers is confident could reverse the trend.
TA-CD works by producing antibodies that bond to cocaing and prevent it from reaching the brain, thus suppressing the "high" that addicts experience when they snort,inject, or smoke cocaine.
The vaccine does not eliminate the actual physical craving for the drug, but the fact that the craving is not reinforced by the pleasure of a high researchers claim, would be sufficient to diminish the craving over time.
A team headed by Thomas Kosten, M.D., professor of psychiatry at Yale, conducted tests on 34 former cocaine abusers.
Each participant was required to have used cocaine regularly for at least three years and to have expressed a desire to give up the drug.
Participants were divided into three groups that received different doses of the vaccine.
"The results of the study are simply that we did find antibodies," says Kosten.
"The higher the dose of the vaccination, the higher the level of antibodies we got."
More advanced trials are already under way.
The issue is not without controversy.
Though TA-CD is intended for use on consenting adults, some experts fear questionable applications.
For example, former cocaine abusers could----without their permission-----be identified by the antibodies in their blood, thus limiting employment opportunities or threatening job security.
Researchers dismiss the need for an ethical debate at this early date, claiming that the vaccine is years away from going on the market.
In response to skeptics, supporters of TA-CD maintain that the vaccine is meant to serve as a safety belt rather than a miracle cure.
The people in Kosten's study had the motivation to stop using cocaine, and this desire to quit is the key factor in any successful treatment.
In combination with the right candidate and the right therapy, the drug could prove invaluable.
Until then, the trials------ and the debate-----will continue.
53 The results of the tests by Thomas Kosten showed that
1 long-time cocaine users are the most likely to benefit.
2 subjects developed a stronger craving for cocaine.
3 it is likely to be more effective when taken in larger doses.
4 there appear to be harmful side effects from taking the vaccine.
正解 ３
トーマス・コステンによる検査の結果によると
接種されたワクチンの量が多ければ多いほど、ますます高レベルの抗体を得たと述べている。
Parents could use it to help prevent their children from becoming addicted.
Companies could use it as a means of testing whether employees have been abusers.
These are just two of the potential applications for the results of a new research project: the development of an anti-cocaine vaccine.
With more than 2 million regular cocaine users in the United States alone, nearly half of whom eventually seek treatment for their addiction, the project's timeliness is obvious.
Indeed, cocaine has remained one of the most difficult addictions to treat.
Most addicts receive behavioral therapy in drug rehabilitation centers, but the alarming relapse rate has caused physicians and psychiatrists to seek out alternative means of dealing with a habit that sends 150.000 Americans to the hospital emergency room each year.
Enter TA-CD, the vaccine that a team of Yale Univetsity researchers is confident could reverse the trend.
TA-CD works by producing antibodies that bond to cocaing and prevent it from reaching the brain, thus suppressing the "high" that addicts experience when they snort,inject, or smoke cocaine.
The vaccine does not eliminate the actual physical craving for the drug, but the fact that the craving is not reinforced by the pleasure of a high researchers claim, would be sufficient to diminish the craving over time.
A team headed by Thomas Kosten, M.D., professor of psychiatry at Yale, conducted tests on 34 former cocaine abusers.
Each participant was required to have used cocaine regularly for at least three years and to have expressed a desire to give up the drug.
Participants were divided into three groups that received different doses of the vaccine.
"The results of the study are simply that we did find antibodies," says Kosten.
"The higher the dose of the vaccination, the higher the level of antibodies we got."
More advanced trials are already under way.
The issue is not without controversy.
Though TA-CD is intended for use on consenting adults, some experts fear questionable applications.
For example, former cocaine abusers could----without their permission-----be identified by the antibodies in their blood, thus limiting employment opportunities or threatening job security.
Researchers dismiss the need for an ethical debate at this early date, claiming that the vaccine is years away from going on the market.
In response to skeptics, supporters of TA-CD maintain that the vaccine is meant to serve as a safety belt rather than a miracle cure.
The people in Kosten's study had the motivation to stop using cocaine, and this desire to quit is the key factor in any successful treatment.
In combination with the right candidate and the right therapy, the drug could prove invaluable.
Until then, the trials------ and the debate-----will continue.
53 The results of the tests by Thomas Kosten showed that
1 long-time cocaine users are the most likely to benefit.
2 subjects developed a stronger craving for cocaine.
3 it is likely to be more effective when taken in larger doses.
4 there appear to be harmful side effects from taking the vaccine.
正解 ３
トーマス・コステンによる検査の結果によると
接種されたワクチンの量が多ければ多いほど、ますます高レベルの抗体を得たと述べている。
Taking the Kick from Cocaine
Parents could use it to help prevent their children from becoming addicted.
Companies could use it as a means of testing whether employees have been abusers.
These are just two of the potential applications for the results of a new research project: the development of an anti-cocaine vaccine.
With more than 2 million regular cocaine users in the United States alone, nearly half of whom eventually seek treatment for their addiction, the project's timeliness is obvious.
Indeed, cocaine has remained one of the most difficult addictions to treat.
Most addicts receive behavioral therapy in drug rehabilitation centers, but the alarming relapse rate has caused physicians and psychiatrists to seek out alternative means of dealing with a habit that sends 150.000 Americans to the hospital emergency room each year.
Enter TA-CD, the vaccine that a team of Yale Univetsity researchers is confident could reverse the trend.
TA-CD works by producing antibodies that bond to cocaing and prevent it from reaching the brain, thus suppressing the "high" that addicts experience when they snort,inject, or smoke cocaine.
The vaccine does not eliminate the actual physical craving for the drug, but the fact that the craving is not reinforced by the pleasure of a high researchers claim, would be sufficient to diminish the craving over time.
A team headed by Thomas Kosten, M.D., professor of psychiatry at Yale, conducted tests on 34 former cocaine abusers.
Each participant was required to have used cocaine regularly for at least three years and to have expressed a desire to give up the drug.
Participants were divided into three groups that received different doses of the vaccine.
"The results of the study are simply that we did find antibodies," says Kosten.
"The higher the dose of the vaccination, the higher the level of antibodies we got."
More advanced trials are already under way.
The issue is not without controversy.
Though TA-CD is intended for use on consenting adults, some experts fear questionable applications.
For example, former cocaine abusers could----without their permission-----be identified by the antibodies in their blood, thus limiting employment opportunities or threatening job security.
Researchers dismiss the need for an ethical debate at this early date, claiming that the vaccine is years away from going on the market.
In response to skeptics, supporters of TA-CD maintain that the vaccine is meant to serve as a safety belt rather than a miracle cure.
The people in Kosten's study had the motivation to stop using cocaine, and this desire to quit is the key factor in any successful treatment.
In combination with the right candidate and the right therapy, the drug could prove inbaluable.
Until then, the trials------ and the debate-----will continue.
52 It is clear from the findings about TA-CD that the vaccine
1 will not be mass-produced because of resistance from many experts.
2 promises to be an effective cure for all cocaine users in the years ahead.
3 is most promising for cocaine users who are already determined to quit.
4 acts lide a safety belt by preventing people from trying cocaine in the first place.
正解 ３
ＴＡ-ＣＤに関する発見から明らかなことであるが、このワクチンは
コカインをやめたいと思っている患者の願いがあって初めて治療効果が上がると述べている。
53 The results of the tests by Thomas Kosten showed that
1 long-time cocaine users are the most likely to benefit.
2 subjects developed a stronger craving for cocaine.
3 it is likely to be more effective when taken in larger doses.
4 there appear to be harmful side effects from taking the vaccine.
５３の正解は明日
Parents could use it to help prevent their children from becoming addicted.
Companies could use it as a means of testing whether employees have been abusers.
These are just two of the potential applications for the results of a new research project: the development of an anti-cocaine vaccine.
With more than 2 million regular cocaine users in the United States alone, nearly half of whom eventually seek treatment for their addiction, the project's timeliness is obvious.
Indeed, cocaine has remained one of the most difficult addictions to treat.
Most addicts receive behavioral therapy in drug rehabilitation centers, but the alarming relapse rate has caused physicians and psychiatrists to seek out alternative means of dealing with a habit that sends 150.000 Americans to the hospital emergency room each year.
Enter TA-CD, the vaccine that a team of Yale Univetsity researchers is confident could reverse the trend.
TA-CD works by producing antibodies that bond to cocaing and prevent it from reaching the brain, thus suppressing the "high" that addicts experience when they snort,inject, or smoke cocaine.
The vaccine does not eliminate the actual physical craving for the drug, but the fact that the craving is not reinforced by the pleasure of a high researchers claim, would be sufficient to diminish the craving over time.
A team headed by Thomas Kosten, M.D., professor of psychiatry at Yale, conducted tests on 34 former cocaine abusers.
Each participant was required to have used cocaine regularly for at least three years and to have expressed a desire to give up the drug.
Participants were divided into three groups that received different doses of the vaccine.
"The results of the study are simply that we did find antibodies," says Kosten.
"The higher the dose of the vaccination, the higher the level of antibodies we got."
More advanced trials are already under way.
The issue is not without controversy.
Though TA-CD is intended for use on consenting adults, some experts fear questionable applications.
For example, former cocaine abusers could----without their permission-----be identified by the antibodies in their blood, thus limiting employment opportunities or threatening job security.
Researchers dismiss the need for an ethical debate at this early date, claiming that the vaccine is years away from going on the market.
In response to skeptics, supporters of TA-CD maintain that the vaccine is meant to serve as a safety belt rather than a miracle cure.
The people in Kosten's study had the motivation to stop using cocaine, and this desire to quit is the key factor in any successful treatment.
In combination with the right candidate and the right therapy, the drug could prove inbaluable.
Until then, the trials------ and the debate-----will continue.
52 It is clear from the findings about TA-CD that the vaccine
1 will not be mass-produced because of resistance from many experts.
2 promises to be an effective cure for all cocaine users in the years ahead.
3 is most promising for cocaine users who are already determined to quit.
4 acts lide a safety belt by preventing people from trying cocaine in the first place.
正解 ３
ＴＡ-ＣＤに関する発見から明らかなことであるが、このワクチンは
コカインをやめたいと思っている患者の願いがあって初めて治療効果が上がると述べている。
53 The results of the tests by Thomas Kosten showed that
1 long-time cocaine users are the most likely to benefit.
2 subjects developed a stronger craving for cocaine.
3 it is likely to be more effective when taken in larger doses.
4 there appear to be harmful side effects from taking the vaccine.
５３の正解は明日
昨日続きを書こうとパソコンを開いてもログインできませんでした。エキサイトのトラブルなのかこちらのパソコンの調子なのかわかりませんが。
Taking the Kick from Cocaine
Parents could use it to help prevent their children from becoming addicted.
Companies could use it as a means of testing whether employees have been abusers.
These are just two of the potential applications for the results of a new research project: the development of an anti-cocaine vaccine.
With more than 2 million regular cocaine users in the United States alone, nearly half of whom eventually seek treatment for their addiction, the project's timeliness is obvious.
Indeed, cocaine has remained one of the most difficult addictions to treat.
Most addicts receive behavioral therapy in drug rehabilitation centers, but the alarming relapse rate has caused physicians and psychiatrists to seek out alternative means of dealing with a habit that sends 150.000 Americans to the hospital emergency room each year.
Enter TA-CD, the vaccine that a team of Yale Univetsity researchers is confident could reverse the trend.
TA-CD works by producing antibodies that bond to cocaing and prevent it from reaching the brain, thus suppressing the "high" that addicts experience when they snort,inject, or smoke cocaine.
The vaccine does not eliminate the actual physical craving for the drug, but the fact that the craving is not reinforced by the pleasure of a high researchers claim, would be sufficient to diminish the craving over time.
A team headed by Thomas Kosten, M.D., professor of psychiatry at Yale, conducted tests on 34 former cocaine abusers.
Each participant was required to have used cocaine regularly for at least three years and to have expressed a desire to give up the drug.
Participants were divided into three groups that received different doses of the vaccine.
"The results of the study are simply that we did find antibodies," says Kosten.
"The higher the dose of the vaccination, the higher the level of antibodies we got."
More advanced trials are already under way.
The issue is not without controversy.
Though TA-CD is intended for use on consenting adults, some experts fear questionable applications.
For example, former cocaine abusers could----without their permission-----be identified by the antibodies in their blood, thus limiting employment opportunities or threatening job security.
Researchers dismiss the need for an ethical debate at this early date, claiming that the vaccine is years away from going on the market.
In response to skeptics, supporters of TA-CD maintain that the vaccine is meant to serve as a safety belt rather than a miracle cure.
The people in Kosten's study had the motivation to stop using cocaine, and this desire to quit is the key factor in any successful treatment.
In combination with the right candidate and the right therapy, the drug could prove inbaluable.
Until then, the trials------ and the debate-----will continue.
51 TA-CD is effective because
1 it prevents cocaine from reaching the brain.
2 it generates antibodies which break up cocaine.
3 it often produces a more powerful high than cocaine.
4 it quickly eliminates drug users' cravings for cocaine.
正解 1
TA-CDは効き目がある。なぜなら
身体が現実に薬物を渇望する状態を取り除くわけではないが、コカインに結合し、それが脳に達するのを妨げる抗体を作り出すとある。
Taking the Kick from Cocaine
Parents could use it to help prevent their children from becoming addicted.
Companies could use it as a means of testing whether employees have been abusers.
These are just two of the potential applications for the results of a new research project: the development of an anti-cocaine vaccine.
With more than 2 million regular cocaine users in the United States alone, nearly half of whom eventually seek treatment for their addiction, the project's timeliness is obvious.
Indeed, cocaine has remained one of the most difficult addictions to treat.
Most addicts receive behavioral therapy in drug rehabilitation centers, but the alarming relapse rate has caused physicians and psychiatrists to seek out alternative means of dealing with a habit that sends 150.000 Americans to the hospital emergency room each year.
Enter TA-CD, the vaccine that a team of Yale Univetsity researchers is confident could reverse the trend.
TA-CD works by producing antibodies that bond to cocaing and prevent it from reaching the brain, thus suppressing the "high" that addicts experience when they snort,inject, or smoke cocaine.
The vaccine does not eliminate the actual physical craving for the drug, but the fact that the craving is not reinforced by the pleasure of a high researchers claim, would be sufficient to diminish the craving over time.
A team headed by Thomas Kosten, M.D., professor of psychiatry at Yale, conducted tests on 34 former cocaine abusers.
Each participant was required to have used cocaine regularly for at least three years and to have expressed a desire to give up the drug.
Participants were divided into three groups that received different doses of the vaccine.
"The results of the study are simply that we did find antibodies," says Kosten.
"The higher the dose of the vaccination, the higher the level of antibodies we got."
More advanced trials are already under way.
The issue is not without controversy.
Though TA-CD is intended for use on consenting adults, some experts fear questionable applications.
For example, former cocaine abusers could----without their permission-----be identified by the antibodies in their blood, thus limiting employment opportunities or threatening job security.
Researchers dismiss the need for an ethical debate at this early date, claiming that the vaccine is years away from going on the market.
In response to skeptics, supporters of TA-CD maintain that the vaccine is meant to serve as a safety belt rather than a miracle cure.
The people in Kosten's study had the motivation to stop using cocaine, and this desire to quit is the key factor in any successful treatment.
In combination with the right candidate and the right therapy, the drug could prove inbaluable.
Until then, the trials------ and the debate-----will continue.
51 TA-CD is effective because
1 it prevents cocaine from reaching the brain.
2 it generates antibodies which break up cocaine.
3 it often produces a more powerful high than cocaine.
4 it quickly eliminates drug users' cravings for cocaine.
正解 1
TA-CDは効き目がある。なぜなら
身体が現実に薬物を渇望する状態を取り除くわけではないが、コカインに結合し、それが脳に達するのを妨げる抗体を作り出すとある。
Taking the Kick from Cocaine
Parents could use it to help prevent their children from becoming addicted.
Companies could use it as a means of testing whether employees have been abusers.
These are just two of the potential applications for the results of a new research project: the development of an anti-cocaine vaccine.
続きあとで
Parents could use it to help prevent their children from becoming addicted.
Companies could use it as a means of testing whether employees have been abusers.
These are just two of the potential applications for the results of a new research project: the development of an anti-cocaine vaccine.
続きあとで
A Study on Aging
Contrary to popular belief, the process of aging is not a disease.
This is the principal finding of the Baltimore Longitudinal Studt of Aging,the longest-running and most influential project of its kind in the United States.
From the start, the project took a unique approach:Rather than examine sickness in the elderly, researchers aimed to follow healthty, active people and try to define "normal aging."
More than 24,000 research subjects have participated in the study,and the results have repeatedly contradicted stereotypes about the elderly by showing that aging need not be a process of rapid decline.
First among the landmark findings is that personality does not change with age.
According to research published over the last 15 years, seniors who are depressed or cranky were usually much the same as young adults.
Second, while memory seems to weaken over time and the brain may need increasingly more time to make and execute decisions, vocabulary continues to grow in later life, and problem-solving and reasoning skills suffer only a miner reduction.
Third, the physical health of the elderly is often underestimated.
For example, a healthy heart just keeps ticking.
Tests since the late 1970s have proven that cardiac structure and function do not become weaker over time unless the individual suffers from coronary disease.
The long-term approach taken by the study's founders allowed their study to grow from several dozen participants at the outset to the roughly 1,100 invloved at present.
Research subjects range in age from participants in their 20s to those in their 90s , and each individual will be followed to the end of his or her life.
This steadily increasing amount of data has refuted a central myth about growing old----that everyone ages at the same rate.
Quite the opposite appears to be true, which accounts for the tremendous range in health status among seniors, a range far grater than the differences found among young people.
Recognition of this diversity among the elderly, many gerontologists believe, will be one of the study's lasting achievements.
In the meantime, the study has made major contributions in wholly unexpected areas.
Researchers in the project who focus on cognitive ability and mental decline among the aged have recently linked Alzheimer's disease to a decline in short-term visual memory that shows up long before other signs of mental impairment.
Relatively simple cognitive tests of visual memory can now potentially alert physicians who are treating and evaluating aged patients.
This particular finding alone will eventually help identify people at high risk for Alzheimer's and perhaps hasten treatment before the brain is irreversibly damaged.
50 Regarding Alzheimer's disease, the passage states that
1 visul memory tests can be used to cure Alzheimer's patients.
2 visual memory tests can be used to predict the development of Alzhemer's
3 further research may reduce the risk involved in testing Alzheimer's patients for visual memory.
4 further tests must be developed before a link between Alzheimer's and visual memory can be proven.
正解 ２
アルツハイマー病に関して、この文章で述べられていることとは
アルツハイマー病の発病祖予測するために、視覚記憶力テストを用いることができる
Contrary to popular belief, the process of aging is not a disease.
This is the principal finding of the Baltimore Longitudinal Studt of Aging,the longest-running and most influential project of its kind in the United States.
From the start, the project took a unique approach:Rather than examine sickness in the elderly, researchers aimed to follow healthty, active people and try to define "normal aging."
More than 24,000 research subjects have participated in the study,and the results have repeatedly contradicted stereotypes about the elderly by showing that aging need not be a process of rapid decline.
First among the landmark findings is that personality does not change with age.
According to research published over the last 15 years, seniors who are depressed or cranky were usually much the same as young adults.
Second, while memory seems to weaken over time and the brain may need increasingly more time to make and execute decisions, vocabulary continues to grow in later life, and problem-solving and reasoning skills suffer only a miner reduction.
Third, the physical health of the elderly is often underestimated.
For example, a healthy heart just keeps ticking.
Tests since the late 1970s have proven that cardiac structure and function do not become weaker over time unless the individual suffers from coronary disease.
The long-term approach taken by the study's founders allowed their study to grow from several dozen participants at the outset to the roughly 1,100 invloved at present.
Research subjects range in age from participants in their 20s to those in their 90s , and each individual will be followed to the end of his or her life.
This steadily increasing amount of data has refuted a central myth about growing old----that everyone ages at the same rate.
Quite the opposite appears to be true, which accounts for the tremendous range in health status among seniors, a range far grater than the differences found among young people.
Recognition of this diversity among the elderly, many gerontologists believe, will be one of the study's lasting achievements.
In the meantime, the study has made major contributions in wholly unexpected areas.
Researchers in the project who focus on cognitive ability and mental decline among the aged have recently linked Alzheimer's disease to a decline in short-term visual memory that shows up long before other signs of mental impairment.
Relatively simple cognitive tests of visual memory can now potentially alert physicians who are treating and evaluating aged patients.
This particular finding alone will eventually help identify people at high risk for Alzheimer's and perhaps hasten treatment before the brain is irreversibly damaged.
50 Regarding Alzheimer's disease, the passage states that
1 visul memory tests can be used to cure Alzheimer's patients.
2 visual memory tests can be used to predict the development of Alzhemer's
3 further research may reduce the risk involved in testing Alzheimer's patients for visual memory.
4 further tests must be developed before a link between Alzheimer's and visual memory can be proven.
正解 ２
アルツハイマー病に関して、この文章で述べられていることとは
アルツハイマー病の発病祖予測するために、視覚記憶力テストを用いることができる
A Study on Aging
Contrary to popular belief, the process of aging is not a disease.
This is the principal finding of the Baltimore Longitudinal Studt of Aging,the longest-running and most influential project of its kind in the United States.
From the start, the project took a unique approach:Rather than examine sickness in the elderly, researchers aimed to follow healthty, active people and try to define "normal aging."
More than 24,000 research subjects have participated in the study,and the results have repeatedly contradicted stereotypes about the elderly by showing that aging need not be a process of rapid decline.
First among the landmark findings is that personality does not change with age.
According to research published over the last 15 years, seniors who are depressed or cranky were usually much the same as young adults.
Second, while memory seems to weaken over time and the brain may need increasingly more time to make and execute decisions, vocabulary continues to grow in later life, and problem-solving and reasoning skills suffer only a miner reduction.
Third, the physical health of the elderly is often underestimated.
For example, a healthy heart just keeps ticking.
Tests since the late 1970s have proven that cardiac structure and function do not become weaker over time unless the individual suffers from coronary disease.
The long-term approach taken by the study's founders allowed their study to grow from several dozen participants at the outset to the roughly 1,100 invloved at present.
Research subjects range in age from participants in their 20s to those in their 90s , and each individual will be followed to the end of his or her life.
This steadily increasing amount of data has refuted a central myth about growing old----that everyone ages at the same rate.
Quite the opposite appears to be true, which accounts for the tremendous range in health status among seniors, a range far grater than the differences found among young people.
Recognition of this diversity among the elderly, many gerontologists believe, will be one of the study's lasting achievements.
In the meantime, the study has made major contributions in wholly unexpected areas.
Researchers in the project who focus on cognitive ability and mental decline among the aged have recently linked Alzheimer's disease to a decline in short-term visual memory that shows up long before other signs of mental impairment.
Relatively simple cognitive tests of visual memory can now potentially alert physicians who are treating and evaluating aged patients.
This particular finding alone will eventually help identify people at high risk for Alzheimer's and perhaps hasten treatment before the brain is irreversibly damaged.
49 what idea does the writer call a "central myth" in the thied paragraph?
第三段落の中で、筆者が「神話の最もたるもの」と呼んでいるのはどのような考え方か？
1 That the rate and effects of aging are similar for most people.
2 That the study's data show individuals aging at various rates.
3 That the study's findings will be generally acknowlidged by experts.
4 That there are wider variations in health among the elderly than the young.
正解 １
老化に関する「神話の最もたるもの」は、本文中のダッシュのあとに同格のthat節が続き、その具体的内容が明らかにされている。
Contrary to popular belief, the process of aging is not a disease.
This is the principal finding of the Baltimore Longitudinal Studt of Aging,the longest-running and most influential project of its kind in the United States.
From the start, the project took a unique approach:Rather than examine sickness in the elderly, researchers aimed to follow healthty, active people and try to define "normal aging."
More than 24,000 research subjects have participated in the study,and the results have repeatedly contradicted stereotypes about the elderly by showing that aging need not be a process of rapid decline.
First among the landmark findings is that personality does not change with age.
According to research published over the last 15 years, seniors who are depressed or cranky were usually much the same as young adults.
Second, while memory seems to weaken over time and the brain may need increasingly more time to make and execute decisions, vocabulary continues to grow in later life, and problem-solving and reasoning skills suffer only a miner reduction.
Third, the physical health of the elderly is often underestimated.
For example, a healthy heart just keeps ticking.
Tests since the late 1970s have proven that cardiac structure and function do not become weaker over time unless the individual suffers from coronary disease.
The long-term approach taken by the study's founders allowed their study to grow from several dozen participants at the outset to the roughly 1,100 invloved at present.
Research subjects range in age from participants in their 20s to those in their 90s , and each individual will be followed to the end of his or her life.
This steadily increasing amount of data has refuted a central myth about growing old----that everyone ages at the same rate.
Quite the opposite appears to be true, which accounts for the tremendous range in health status among seniors, a range far grater than the differences found among young people.
Recognition of this diversity among the elderly, many gerontologists believe, will be one of the study's lasting achievements.
In the meantime, the study has made major contributions in wholly unexpected areas.
Researchers in the project who focus on cognitive ability and mental decline among the aged have recently linked Alzheimer's disease to a decline in short-term visual memory that shows up long before other signs of mental impairment.
Relatively simple cognitive tests of visual memory can now potentially alert physicians who are treating and evaluating aged patients.
This particular finding alone will eventually help identify people at high risk for Alzheimer's and perhaps hasten treatment before the brain is irreversibly damaged.
49 what idea does the writer call a "central myth" in the thied paragraph?
第三段落の中で、筆者が「神話の最もたるもの」と呼んでいるのはどのような考え方か？
1 That the rate and effects of aging are similar for most people.
2 That the study's data show individuals aging at various rates.
3 That the study's findings will be generally acknowlidged by experts.
4 That there are wider variations in health among the elderly than the young.
正解 １
老化に関する「神話の最もたるもの」は、本文中のダッシュのあとに同格のthat節が続き、その具体的内容が明らかにされている。
A Study on Aging
Contrary to popular belief, the process of aging is not a disease.
This is the principal finding of the Baltimore Longitudinal Studt of Aging,the longest-running and most influential project of its kind in the United States.
From the start, the project took a unique approach:Rather than examine sickness in the elderly, researchers aimed to follow healthty, active people and try to define "normal aging."
More than 24,000 research subjects have participated in the study,and the results have repeatedly contradicted stereotypes about the elderly by showing that aging need not be a process of rapid decline.
First among the landmark findings is that personality does not change with age.
According to research published over the last 15 years, seniors who are depressed or cranky were usually much the same as young adults.
Second, while memory seems to weaken over time and the brain may need increasingly more time to make and execute decisions, vocabulary continues to grow in later life, and problem-solving and reasoning skills suffer only a miner reduction.
Third, the physical health of the elderly is often underestimated.
For example, a healthy heart just keeps ticking.
Tests since the late 1970s have proven that cardiac structure and function do not become weaker over time unless the individual suffers from coronary disease.
The long-term approach taken by the study's founders allowed their study to grow from several dozen participants at the outset to the roughly 1,100 invloved at present.
Research subjects range in age from participants in their 20s to those in their 90s , and each individual will be followed to the end of his or her life.
This steadily increasing amount of data has refuted a central myth about growing old----that everyone ages at the same rate.
Quite the opposite appears to be true, which accounts for the tremendous range in health status among seniors, a range far grater than the differences found among young people.
Recognition of this diversity among the elderly, many gerontologists believe, will be one of the study's lasting achievements.
In the meantime, the study has made major contributions in wholly unexpected areas.
Researchers in the project who focus on cognitive ability and mental decline among the aged have recently linked Alzheimer's disease to a decline in short-term visual memory that shows up long before other signs of mental impairment.
Relatively simple cognitive tests of visual memory can now potentially alert physicians who are treating and evaluating aged patients.
This particular finding alone will eventually help identify people at high risk for Alzheimer's and perhaps hasten treatment before the brain is irreversibly damaged.
48 What is the "long-term approach" used by study's founders?
1 The study focuses on individuals who are already nearing old age.
2 The project has not tested cardiac structure since the 1970s.
3 Over 24,ooo subjects have been studied throughout their lives.
4 Individual research subjects are observed until they die.
正解 4
個の研究の創始者たちが採用している長期的アプローチとは何か
被験者の年齢は２０代から９０代にまで及んでおり、個々人はその生涯の終わりまで追跡調査されることになっている。
Contrary to popular belief, the process of aging is not a disease.
This is the principal finding of the Baltimore Longitudinal Studt of Aging,the longest-running and most influential project of its kind in the United States.
From the start, the project took a unique approach:Rather than examine sickness in the elderly, researchers aimed to follow healthty, active people and try to define "normal aging."
More than 24,000 research subjects have participated in the study,and the results have repeatedly contradicted stereotypes about the elderly by showing that aging need not be a process of rapid decline.
First among the landmark findings is that personality does not change with age.
According to research published over the last 15 years, seniors who are depressed or cranky were usually much the same as young adults.
Second, while memory seems to weaken over time and the brain may need increasingly more time to make and execute decisions, vocabulary continues to grow in later life, and problem-solving and reasoning skills suffer only a miner reduction.
Third, the physical health of the elderly is often underestimated.
For example, a healthy heart just keeps ticking.
Tests since the late 1970s have proven that cardiac structure and function do not become weaker over time unless the individual suffers from coronary disease.
The long-term approach taken by the study's founders allowed their study to grow from several dozen participants at the outset to the roughly 1,100 invloved at present.
Research subjects range in age from participants in their 20s to those in their 90s , and each individual will be followed to the end of his or her life.
This steadily increasing amount of data has refuted a central myth about growing old----that everyone ages at the same rate.
Quite the opposite appears to be true, which accounts for the tremendous range in health status among seniors, a range far grater than the differences found among young people.
Recognition of this diversity among the elderly, many gerontologists believe, will be one of the study's lasting achievements.
In the meantime, the study has made major contributions in wholly unexpected areas.
Researchers in the project who focus on cognitive ability and mental decline among the aged have recently linked Alzheimer's disease to a decline in short-term visual memory that shows up long before other signs of mental impairment.
Relatively simple cognitive tests of visual memory can now potentially alert physicians who are treating and evaluating aged patients.
This particular finding alone will eventually help identify people at high risk for Alzheimer's and perhaps hasten treatment before the brain is irreversibly damaged.
48 What is the "long-term approach" used by study's founders?
1 The study focuses on individuals who are already nearing old age.
2 The project has not tested cardiac structure since the 1970s.
3 Over 24,ooo subjects have been studied throughout their lives.
4 Individual research subjects are observed until they die.
正解 4
個の研究の創始者たちが採用している長期的アプローチとは何か
被験者の年齢は２０代から９０代にまで及んでおり、個々人はその生涯の終わりまで追跡調査されることになっている。
A Study on Aging
Contrary to popular belief, the process of aging is not a disease.
This is the principal finding of the Baltimore Longitudinal Studt of Aging,the longest-running and most influential project of its kind in the United States.
From the start, the project took a unique approach:Rather than examine sickness in the elderly, researchers aimed to follow healthty, active people and try to define "normal aging."
More than 24,000 research subjects have participated in the study,and the results have repeatedly contradicted stereotypes about the elderly by showing that aging need not be a process of rapid decline.
First among the landmark findings is that personality does not change with age.
According to research published over the last 15 years, seniors who are depressed or cranky were usually much the same as young adults.
Second, while memory seems to weaken over time and the brain may need increasingly more time to make and execute decisions, vocabulary continues to grow in later life, and problem-solving and reasoning skills suffer only a miner reduction.
Third, the physical health of the elderly is often underestimated.
For example, a healthy heart just keeps ticking.
Tests since the late 1970s have proven that cardiac structure and function do not become weaker over time unless the individual suffers from coronary disease.
The long-term approach taken by the study's founders allowed their study to grow from several dozen participants at the outset to the roughly 1,100 invloved at present.
Research subjects range in age from participants in their 20s to those in their 90s , and each individual will be followed to the end of his or her life.
This steadily increasing amount of data has refuted a central myth about growing old----that everyone ages at the same rate.
Quite the opposite appears to be true, which accounts for the tremendous range in health status among seniors, a range far grater than the differences found among young people.
Recognition of this diversity among the elderly, many gerontologists believe, will be one of the study's lasting achievements.
In the meantime, the study has made major contributions in wholly unexpected areas.
Researchers in the project who focus on cognitive ability and mental decline among the aged have recently linked Alzheimer's disease to a decline in short-term visual memory that shows up long before other signs of mental impairment.
Relatively simple cognitive tests of visual memory can now potentially alert physicians who are treating and evaluating aged patients.
This particular finding alone will eventually help identify people at high risk for Alzheimer's and perhaps hasten treatment before the brain is irreversibly damaged.
47According to the study, which of the following seems to be least affected by age?
1 Memory.
2 personality.
3 Decision making.
4 Reasoning ability.
正解 2
問題：この研究によると、次のうち最も年齢の影響を受けないように思われるのはなにか？
加齢にかかわらずほとんど変わらないのが性格
Contrary to popular belief, the process of aging is not a disease.
This is the principal finding of the Baltimore Longitudinal Studt of Aging,the longest-running and most influential project of its kind in the United States.
From the start, the project took a unique approach:Rather than examine sickness in the elderly, researchers aimed to follow healthty, active people and try to define "normal aging."
More than 24,000 research subjects have participated in the study,and the results have repeatedly contradicted stereotypes about the elderly by showing that aging need not be a process of rapid decline.
First among the landmark findings is that personality does not change with age.
According to research published over the last 15 years, seniors who are depressed or cranky were usually much the same as young adults.
Second, while memory seems to weaken over time and the brain may need increasingly more time to make and execute decisions, vocabulary continues to grow in later life, and problem-solving and reasoning skills suffer only a miner reduction.
Third, the physical health of the elderly is often underestimated.
For example, a healthy heart just keeps ticking.
Tests since the late 1970s have proven that cardiac structure and function do not become weaker over time unless the individual suffers from coronary disease.
The long-term approach taken by the study's founders allowed their study to grow from several dozen participants at the outset to the roughly 1,100 invloved at present.
Research subjects range in age from participants in their 20s to those in their 90s , and each individual will be followed to the end of his or her life.
This steadily increasing amount of data has refuted a central myth about growing old----that everyone ages at the same rate.
Quite the opposite appears to be true, which accounts for the tremendous range in health status among seniors, a range far grater than the differences found among young people.
Recognition of this diversity among the elderly, many gerontologists believe, will be one of the study's lasting achievements.
In the meantime, the study has made major contributions in wholly unexpected areas.
Researchers in the project who focus on cognitive ability and mental decline among the aged have recently linked Alzheimer's disease to a decline in short-term visual memory that shows up long before other signs of mental impairment.
Relatively simple cognitive tests of visual memory can now potentially alert physicians who are treating and evaluating aged patients.
This particular finding alone will eventually help identify people at high risk for Alzheimer's and perhaps hasten treatment before the brain is irreversibly damaged.
47According to the study, which of the following seems to be least affected by age?
1 Memory.
2 personality.
3 Decision making.
4 Reasoning ability.
正解 2
問題：この研究によると、次のうち最も年齢の影響を受けないように思われるのはなにか？
加齢にかかわらずほとんど変わらないのが性格
A Study on Aging
Contrary to popular belief, the process of aging is not a disease.
This is the principal finding of the Baltimore Longitudinal Studt of Aging,the longest-running and most influential project of its kind in the United States.
From the start, the project took a unique approach:Rather than examine sickness in the elderly, researchers aimed to follow healthty, active people and try to define "normal aging."
More than 24,000 research subjects have participated in the study,and the results have repeatedly contradicted stereotypes about the elderly by showing that aging need not be a process of rapid decline.
First among the landmark findings is that personality does not change with age.
According to research published over the last 15 years, seniors who are depressed or cranky were usually much the same as young adults.
Second, while memory seems to weaken over time and the brain may need increasingly more time to make and execute decisions, vocabulary continues to grow in later life, and problem-solving and reasoning skills suffer only a miner reduction.
Third, the physical health of the elderly is often underestimated.
For example, a healthy heart just keeps ticking.
Tests since the late 1970s have proven that cardiac structure and function do not become weaker over time unless the individual suffers from coronary disease.
The long-term approach taken by the study's founders allowed their study to grow from several dozen participants at the outset to the roughly 1,100 invloved at present.
Research subjects range in age from participants in their 20s to those in their 90s , and each individual will be followed to the end of his or her life.
This steadily increasing amount of data has refuted a central myth about growing old----that everyone ages at the same rate.
Quite the opposite appears to be true, which accounts for the tremendous range in health status among seniors, a range far grater than the differences found among young people.
Recognition of this diversity among the elderly, many gerontologists believe, will be one of the study's lasting achievements.
In the meantime, the study has made major contributions in wholly unexpected areas.
Researchers in the project who focus on cognitive ability and mental decline among the aged have recently linked Alzheimer's disease to a decline in short-term visual memory that shows up long before other signs of mental impairment.
Relatively simple cognitive tests of visual memory can now potentially alert physicians who are treating and evaluating aged patients.
This particular finding alone will eventually help identify people at high risk for Alzheimer's and perhaps hasten treatment before the brain is irreversibly damaged.
46 According to the passage, the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging has
1 disproved the popular idea that aging and illness are always linked.
2 affirmed the widely held belief that the process of aging is a disease.
3 defined "normal agng" by examining disease symptoms in research subjects.
4 based its findings on research subjects who opposed stereotypes aboust aging.
正解 １
「一般に信じられているのと逆に、老化のプロセスとは病気ではない」とある点に注目
Contrary to popular belief, the process of aging is not a disease.
This is the principal finding of the Baltimore Longitudinal Studt of Aging,the longest-running and most influential project of its kind in the United States.
From the start, the project took a unique approach:Rather than examine sickness in the elderly, researchers aimed to follow healthty, active people and try to define "normal aging."
More than 24,000 research subjects have participated in the study,and the results have repeatedly contradicted stereotypes about the elderly by showing that aging need not be a process of rapid decline.
First among the landmark findings is that personality does not change with age.
According to research published over the last 15 years, seniors who are depressed or cranky were usually much the same as young adults.
Second, while memory seems to weaken over time and the brain may need increasingly more time to make and execute decisions, vocabulary continues to grow in later life, and problem-solving and reasoning skills suffer only a miner reduction.
Third, the physical health of the elderly is often underestimated.
For example, a healthy heart just keeps ticking.
Tests since the late 1970s have proven that cardiac structure and function do not become weaker over time unless the individual suffers from coronary disease.
The long-term approach taken by the study's founders allowed their study to grow from several dozen participants at the outset to the roughly 1,100 invloved at present.
Research subjects range in age from participants in their 20s to those in their 90s , and each individual will be followed to the end of his or her life.
This steadily increasing amount of data has refuted a central myth about growing old----that everyone ages at the same rate.
Quite the opposite appears to be true, which accounts for the tremendous range in health status among seniors, a range far grater than the differences found among young people.
Recognition of this diversity among the elderly, many gerontologists believe, will be one of the study's lasting achievements.
In the meantime, the study has made major contributions in wholly unexpected areas.
Researchers in the project who focus on cognitive ability and mental decline among the aged have recently linked Alzheimer's disease to a decline in short-term visual memory that shows up long before other signs of mental impairment.
Relatively simple cognitive tests of visual memory can now potentially alert physicians who are treating and evaluating aged patients.
This particular finding alone will eventually help identify people at high risk for Alzheimer's and perhaps hasten treatment before the brain is irreversibly damaged.
46 According to the passage, the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging has
1 disproved the popular idea that aging and illness are always linked.
2 affirmed the widely held belief that the process of aging is a disease.
3 defined "normal agng" by examining disease symptoms in research subjects.
4 based its findings on research subjects who opposed stereotypes aboust aging.
正解 １
「一般に信じられているのと逆に、老化のプロセスとは病気ではない」とある点に注目
今日から長文の内容一致問題に入ります。まず長文を書きます。
A Study on Aging
Contrary to popular belief, the process of aging is not a disease.
This is the principal finding of the Baltimore Longitudinal Studt of Aging,the longest-running and most influential project of its kind in the United States.
From the start,m the project took a unique approach:Rather than examine sickness in the elderly, researchers aimed to follow healthty, active people and try to define "normal aging."
More than 24,000 research subhects have participated in the study,and the results have repeatedly contradicted stereotypes about the elderly by showing that aging need not be a process of rapid decline.
あとで続きをかきます。
A Study on Aging
Contrary to popular belief, the process of aging is not a disease.
This is the principal finding of the Baltimore Longitudinal Studt of Aging,the longest-running and most influential project of its kind in the United States.
From the start,m the project took a unique approach:Rather than examine sickness in the elderly, researchers aimed to follow healthty, active people and try to define "normal aging."
More than 24,000 research subhects have participated in the study,and the results have repeatedly contradicted stereotypes about the elderly by showing that aging need not be a process of rapid decline.
あとで続きをかきます。
We now know that there's nothing "glacially slow" about temperature change: Together with the gradual, long-term cycle, there have been dozens of warmings and coolings that lasted only centuries.
There seems to be no way of ( 45 ) the conclusion that global climate flips occur frequently and unexpectedly.
45
proving
forcing
escaping
suggesting
正解
escaping
温暖化から寒冷化への突如の反転が十分にありえるとする文章の首魁を最後にもう一度強調している。避ける道はないとしめくくる。
There seems to be no way of ( 45 ) the conclusion that global climate flips occur frequently and unexpectedly.
45
proving
forcing
escaping
suggesting
正解
escaping
温暖化から寒冷化への突如の反転が十分にありえるとする文章の首魁を最後にもう一度強調している。避ける道はないとしめくくる。
We are in a warm period now. Scientists have known for some time that the previous warm period ended 117,000 years ago, with the return of cold temperatures that led to an ice age.
But the ice ages aren't what they used to be.
They were formerly thought to be very gradual, with both air temperature and ice sheets changing in a slow, 100,000-year cycle tied to changes in the earth's orbit around the sun.
( 44 ), our current warm-up, which started about 15,000 years ago, began suddenly with the temperature rising sharply while most of the ice was still present.
44
Similarly
However
Therefore
Consequently
正解
旧説と新説を対比させる逆説の接続詞 However
But the ice ages aren't what they used to be.
They were formerly thought to be very gradual, with both air temperature and ice sheets changing in a slow, 100,000-year cycle tied to changes in the earth's orbit around the sun.
( 44 ), our current warm-up, which started about 15,000 years ago, began suddenly with the temperature rising sharply while most of the ice was still present.
44
Similarly
However
Therefore
Consequently
正解
旧説と新説を対比させる逆説の接続詞 However
For a quarter century,golbal-warming theorists have warned that we need to prevent greenhouse gases from warming thing up, thereby raising the sea level, destroying habitats, and intensifying storms.
Now we know---- and from an entirely different group of scientists exploring separate lines of reasoning ---- that the most ( 43 ) result of global warming could be a sudden cooling.
43
ideal
unlikely
beneficial
dangerous
正解
dangerous
現在の温暖化現象が突如として寒冷化現象へと転じ、文明に大打撃を与える可能性について述べている。
Now we know---- and from an entirely different group of scientists exploring separate lines of reasoning ---- that the most ( 43 ) result of global warming could be a sudden cooling.
43
ideal
unlikely
beneficial
dangerous
正解
dangerous
現在の温暖化現象が突如として寒冷化現象へと転じ、文明に大打撃を与える可能性について述べている。
Because such a cooling would occur too ( 42 ) for us to make adjustmets in agricultural productivity and supply, it could fatally damage civilization as we know it.
42
gradually
often
rapidly
slowly
正解
rapidly
寒冷化があまりに急速すぎて対応できない
42
gradually
often
rapidly
slowly
正解
rapidly
寒冷化があまりに急速すぎて対応できない
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独学で英語をはじめて英検２級に合格。準１級過去の問題集から毎日知らない単語を覚えていこう
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